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The hope is these latest diesel engines could offer some respite to the beleaguered fuel, turning the tide on the anti-diesel rhetoric.

However, EU law-makers, who decided to subdivide the Euro 6 standard, rather than call RDE2-compliant cars Euro 7, have not helped that cause.

When the new vehicle emissions test, WLTP, replaced NEDC for all new type approvals in September 2017, the Real Driving Emissions (RDE) test was also introduced to offer an on-the-road measurement.

The limits for emissions remained the same but the testing regime changed and was reflected in a new standard – Euro 6b became Euro 6c.

Under the RDE test, the car is fitted with a portable emission-measuring system (PEMS) before being driven for 90 minutes on public roads in different conditions, with both uphill and downhill driving, and a mix of urban and rural roads and motorways.

It is being introduced in two stages, the step 1 test – RDE1 – became compulsory for all new type approvals from September 1, 2017, when WLTP was also introduced.

RDE1 will become mandatory for all new registrations from September 1.

WLTP testing, which takes place in the lab, has been mandatory for all new registrations since September 2018, with diesel cars having to meet the NOx limit of 80mg/km and petrol 60mg/km, with cars achieving the limit labelled Euro 6c.

New type approvals, however, have also had to meet the limits on-the-road from September 2017.

The EU has cut manufacturers some initial slack, allowing for a margin of error two times the actual limit. Cars achieving RDE1 are classified as Euro 6d-temp.

However, the rules will begin tightening from January 2020, starting with new type approvals.

This next stage, RDE step two (RDE2), is the measure now being achieved early by some manufacturers, giving fleets and company car drivers the benefit of a tax cut first announced in Budget 2017.

The NOx limit for the RDE2 standard is up to 1.43 times the Euro 6 lab limit of 80mg/km for diesel and 60mg/km for petrol. Cars achieving this limit are labelled Euro 6d.

RDE2 will apply to all new registrations from January 1, 2021, before the margin for error – the conformity factor – will be removed by 2023. By Graham Hill (Thanks to Fleet News)

In 2012, a lawsuit was brought up against a McDonalds restaurant due to a slip and fall injury. In the suit a 54 year old woman claimed to have suffered a severe injury to her spine.

Over the course of the investigation, it was determined that the owner had received the proper guidelines on maintaining a clean working environment while keeping things safe and clean.

The final verdict came in that the staff of McDonald’s failed to follow the inspection protocol and there was spilt food/drink and the woman won $2.6 million in economic damages and $3 million for non-economic damages for diminished quality of life.

Whilst compensation in the UK is nothing like the compensation paid out in this case similar rules apply in slip and fall cases. And if my memory serves me correctly the lady involved actually spilt the ketchup in the first place.

So what has this got to do with potholes? When the roads in this country first started to deteriorate local authorities found it cheaper to pay for the occasional tyre blowout and bent alloy than repair the roads. You would take a photo of the pothole and send it with a receipt for the repair and the local authority paid out instantly.

Similar to the responsibility of those who maintain public spaces to make them safe for the public you would assume that the same applies to local authorities when it comes to potholes. But it seems to have changed and the same rules of responsibility apply. You now have to prove that the local authority was already aware of the pothole and did nothing about it. Or doesn’t have a maintenance programme in place. This has got to be wrong.

I always recommend that you take legal cover with your car insurance as they can give you legal advice in these circumstances and even send you a legal letter that you can use when claiming compensation. If you have a winnable case they may even take the council to court on your behalf..

If you haven’t got legal cover you can upgrade your policy or the RAC offers a very good policy for just £15 per annum. Always take advice from a financial advisor before taking out insurance. By Graham Hill

It wasn’t that long ago when it was only top of the range cars that had mobile Bluetooth connectivity which meant that the internal storage in the car would store all of your phone book. You, therefore, had to delete your phonebook if you didn’t want the new owner to have access to your list of family, friends and contacts.

Things have now moved on and even the most modest of cars has a pile of data stored about you. What Car has looked into this and come up with a list of things you can do to protect yourself from a cyber attack.

• Keep in touch with your car’s manufacturer regularly to check whether it has issued software updates or recalls to improve security. Alternatively, you can see if your car has an outstanding recall notice at gov.uk/check-vehicle-recall.

• To minimise the impact if your car and/or sat-nav is stolen, use any security features your sat-nav offers and think about regularly wiping all the data, such as your home address, from the system.

• If your car has built-in wi-fi, never leave the default password on it and never leave a note of the new password inside the car.

• Turn your car’s wi-fi and Bluetooth off when you’re not using them.

• If you download any smartphone apps that will be processing payments for your car, such as road toll fees, make sure they’re password-protected.

• Make sure your smartphone’s operating system and apps are the latest versions; updates are often issued to patch possible security vulnerabilities that can give cyber criminals access to your phone.

• Protect your social media accounts by making sure you’ve activated the privacy settings. With Facebook, avoid public updates and only send posts to your friends. With Twitter, you can’t be as selective.

• Protect your home by making your car’s sat-nav less accurate. If you don’t want cyber criminals to know where you live, instead of setting your home address to your house, consider setting the shortcut to a nearby junction or the closest motorway exit.

What to do if you’re selling your car or returning a hire car

• If you’ve paired your phone to the car to access hands-free operation, go into the Bluetooth set-up menu and remove your phone from the paired phones list, as well as deleting your contacts if they’ve been downloaded onto the system.

• Check the car’s manual to find out how to clear all your private data from the infotainment system. It might be listed as a ‘factory reset’ option.

• If your car has web-connected services that bring data from your favourite apps and social networks to the dashboard, disconnect this. If you don’t, other drivers might be able to gain access to your Facebook and Google accounts. To wipe the information, you’ll need to reset the infotainment system to its factory-fresh state.

• If your vehicle has an integrated remote control that you’ve paired with your front gate or garage door, your vehicle is essentially a gigantic key to your house. Check the instruction manuals for your electric gate or garage door for resetting instructions.

By Graham Hill

It’s that time of year when sap starts falling from the trees, birds feel the need to leave a present on your windscreen and bugs start committing suicide by throwing themselves on your windscreen. The net result is a difficult to see through windscreen.

If this happens you need to clean it as quickly as possible because it’s illegal to drive your car when the screen is difficult to see through with some hefty penalties.

Car owners have a responsibility to make sure their driving doesn’t negatively impact other motorists.

One way this could happen is by having a dirty windscreen or another glass surface which is required to be clear while on the road, such as the side mirrors or rear windscreen.

Having a filthy windscreen could impair your vision and similarly your decision making and reaction times and could lead to an accident.

Regulation 30 of The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) Regulations 1986, says that drivers are required to keep class surfaces clean and clear.

“All glass or other transparent material fitted to a motor vehicle shall be maintained in such condition that it does not obscure the vision of the driver while the vehicle is being driven on a road,” the law states.

If you were to have an accident as a result of having a dirty windscreen then you could be fined and charged for careless driving.

Punishments for careless driving range from an on-the-spot fine of £100 and three penalty points.

However, if your case was to go to court then you could see that fine increase to a massive £5,000 and receive up to nine penalty points.

Serious offences could also see you lose your driving licence.

Neil Greig, Policy and Research Director at IAM RoadSmart, said: “Careless driving is all about penalising the negative impact you have on other drivers.

“If a dirty windscreen is stopping you from driving safely then you should expect to be caught and charged.

“Not having clear vision in low sun situations is a really serious issue.

“In 2016 ‘dazzling sun’ was recorded by the police as a factor in 28 fatal crashes, 463 serious injury crashes, and just over 2,100 slight injury crashes.

“The best solution is to keep your windscreen clean, inside and out, and to carry a pair of sunglasses all year round.”

In order to keep your screen clear AutoExpress have tested a number of windscreen washes. Their Best Buy for 2019 was Dirtex Aquaphobic Screen Wash as a cost of £13.95 for a litre. Visit www.chipex.co.uk . Their Recommended award went to Angelwax Clarity at a cost of 7.95 per litre. Both were evenly matched but Dirtex edged out Angelwax as the dilution ratios actually made Dirtex cheaper.

So don’t risk a fine and up to 9 points on your licence.   By Graham Hill

New mobile phone detection warning signs are being rolled out by Thames Valley and Hampshire police forces.

The system, developed by Westcotec, comprises a sensor capable of detecting vehicles where there are active 2G, 3G and 4G phone signals, and an LED warning sign located a short distance along the road.

As long as the activation meets certain pre-determined parameters, the sensor will pick up that a driver is using a phone for calling, text or data purposes and will activate the warning sign. This shows an illuminated mobile phone icon within a bright red circle and diagonal red line.

The device is purely about education, warning drivers and being able to identify when the driver was on the phone. It is the first such system to have a direct interaction with a mobile phone offender.

The technology can detect if a driver is using Bluetooth, and will therefore not trigger the warning sign. However, the manufacturer accepts that some activations might be triggered by non-driving occupants.

Norfolk County Council was the first to trial the road signs last year, but this is the first time that the police has decided to deploy the technology.

The forces say the two detectors, which cost £6,000 each, will be located on the A34 in Oxfordshire but will be posted at different locations throughout the Thames Valley and Hampshire to start – but more could be rolled out.

Matt Barber, deputy police and crime commissioner for Thames Valley, told the BBC that the system was “not fool-proof”, but said that the police needed to “make it as socially unacceptable to use your mobile whilst driving as it is to drink and drive”.

PC Liz Johnson, a roads safety officer, said research suggested a driver was four times more likely to crash if they were using a phone and twice as likely to be involved in a fatal collision when texting compared with drink-driving.

“It is vital that people take notice and stop using their mobile phones whilst driving,” she added.

Drivers caught using a mobile phone while driving are currently fined £200 and given six points on their licence. By Graham Hill